MAKING HYDROFRACKING SAFER
Homeland Security and Black Swan Events:

Radioactive contamination of water and chemical attacks will always be threats to national security.

An important feature of Lamnipipe is that it keeps frack generated radionuclides safely below ground- thousands of feet below the surface.

Various aspects of the drilling process can cause radionuclides to concentrate either by natural processes, the geometry and geology, or hydrology of a site. Unexpected or unanticipated concentrations of such materials as Thorium, Strontium, Radium, and Uranium  are undesirable from a national security standpoint. Also, once radionuclides are brought to the surface there are multiple ways in which they can be extracted and concentrated from contaminated water. Obviously this presents a potential hazard.

Lamnipipe solves this concern as it bonds the radionuclides to the interior pipe- so deeply that there can be no possibility of them being extracted even from an abandoned, capped well. In addition, automated paint-over procedures can ensure that there is no way to ever bring these hazardous substances to the surface.

Black Swan Events-

An Excellent discussion of Black Swan Events is the one in the June 2011 Scientific American (p. 50):

        "...black swan events- highly unlikely occurrences that have big repercussions. A rare event - especially one that has never occurred - is difficult to foresee, expensive to plan for and easy to discount with statistics. Just because something is only supposed to happen every 10,000 years does not mean it will not happen tomorrow."

A few recent examples are the earthquake and tsunami in Japan that led to the Fukushima plant meltdown, Hurricane Katrina, the Flash Crash of May 6, 2010 (which appears to have done no lasting damage).

In the case of radionuclides being brought to the surface or entering aquifers despite careful planning, such things as ground slump or minor earthquakes could shear pipe and casing. Only a few hundred tons of earth and rock in motion can shear a drill string. Accidental pressurized water intrusion from underground water chambers would be unpredictable until after such an event. These type of incidents could result in radioactively spiked water migrating up the drill pipe.

A helpful technology would be Lamnipipe coating which would reduce the radiological impact of such unlikely events at a low upfront cost.

If such coatings had been on the outflow pipes at Fukushima, the amount of radiation dumped into the Pacific Ocean would have been much less. So planning for the unforeseeable has merit because things that cannot happen sometimes do.